System Failure Behaviours Explained
The terms “fail open”, “fail close”, "Fail Safe", "Failover" describe how systems behave when they encounter a failure or unexpected event. These concepts are...
LDAP Explained
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a protocol used to access and manage directory services over a network. It is commonly used to authenticate...
DNS Sinking Explained
DNS Sinking (DNS Sinkholing) is a crucial cybersecurity technique used to redirect malicious or unwanted traffic to a controlled IP address, effectively neutralizing threats...
Pyramid of Pain
The Pyramid of Pain is a concept in cybersecurity that helps to visualize and understand the impact of various indicators of compromise (IOCs) on...
Reverse Engineer Assembly: Flags and Memory Addressing
Flags are special indicators used by the processor to signal the outcome of operations, these are stored in a special register called the flags...
Reverse Engineer – Assembly Basics
Assembly is a low-level programming language that provides a way to write instructions that the CPU can execute directly, it’s closely related to machine...
Kernel Explanation
The kernel is a fundamental part of any Operating System, acting as the bridge between software and hardware. It’s responsible for managing the system’s...
How Tokenization Works
Tokenization is a data security technique where data is replaced by non-sensitive equivalents, called tokens. These tokens can be used in the system without...
Simple Concepts of Reverse Engineering
Reverse engineering in cybersecurity involves analysing software, systems, or hardware to understand their design, functionality and behaviour. The goal is often to uncover vulnerabilities,...
What’s Log4j and Log4Shell vulnerability
Log4j is a widely-used Java-based library developed by Apache Software Foundation that’s designed to enable developers log various levels of information (trace, debug, info,...
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Different Types of Firewalls Explained (WAF, HBF, NBF, NGFW)
Web Application Firewall (WAF)
It’s a Firewall that operates at the Application Layer (Layer 7 OSI) that’s designed to monitor, filter and block HTTP/HTTPS traffic...
Cyber Kill Chain
The Cyber Kill Chain is a framework developed by Lockheed Martin to describe the stages of a cyber attack, understanding it helps organizations identify...
Kernel Explanation
The kernel is a fundamental part of any Operating System, acting as the bridge between software and hardware. It’s responsible for managing the system’s...