How Tokenization Works
Tokenization is a data security technique where data is replaced by non-sensitive equivalents, called tokens. These tokens can be used in the system without...
System Failure Behaviours Explained
The terms “fail open”, “fail close”, "Fail Safe", "Failover" describe how systems behave when they encounter a failure or unexpected event. These concepts are...
What’s Log4j and Log4Shell vulnerability
Log4j is a widely-used Java-based library developed by Apache Software Foundation that’s designed to enable developers log various levels of information (trace, debug, info,...
DNS Sinking Explained
DNS Sinking (DNS Sinkholing) is a crucial cybersecurity technique used to redirect malicious or unwanted traffic to a controlled IP address, effectively neutralizing threats...
Pyramid of Pain
The Pyramid of Pain is a concept in cybersecurity that helps to visualize and understand the impact of various indicators of compromise (IOCs) on...
Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)
This is the process of gathering, analysing, and utilizing information about potential or current threats to an organization’s digital assets focusing on understanding the...
Access Controls
Access controls are mechanisms that manage how resources are accessed and by whom. Here are some common types of access controls:
Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
Permissions...
Reverse Engineer – Assembly Basics
Assembly is a low-level programming language that provides a way to write instructions that the CPU can execute directly, it’s closely related to machine...
Simple Concepts of Reverse Engineering
Reverse engineering in cybersecurity involves analysing software, systems, or hardware to understand their design, functionality and behaviour. The goal is often to uncover vulnerabilities,...
Reverse Engineer Assembly: Flags and Memory Addressing
Flags are special indicators used by the processor to signal the outcome of operations, these are stored in a special register called the flags...
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Different Types of Firewalls Explained (WAF, HBF, NBF, NGFW)
Web Application Firewall (WAF)
It’s a Firewall that operates at the Application Layer (Layer 7 OSI) that’s designed to monitor, filter and block HTTP/HTTPS traffic...
Digital Certificate Management
Certificate Authority (CA)
This is a trusted organization or entity that issues digital certificates. These certificates are used to verify the identity of websites, individuals,...
TCP Flags Guide
Here’s a breakdown of each TCP flag with its purpose and for what’s used.
SYN (Synchronize) - Initiates a connection between two hosts. It’s the...