Pyramid of Pain
The Pyramid of Pain is a concept in cybersecurity that helps to visualize and understand the impact of various indicators of compromise (IOCs) on...
Kernel Explanation
The kernel is a fundamental part of any Operating System, acting as the bridge between software and hardware. It’s responsible for managing the system’s...
Load Balancing
Load balancing is a process used to distribute network or application traffic across multiple servers, ensuring no single server becomes overwhelmed. Improving responsiveness and...
Different Types of Firewalls Explained (WAF, HBF, NBF, NGFW)
Web Application Firewall (WAF)
It’s a Firewall that operates at the Application Layer (Layer 7 OSI) that’s designed to monitor, filter and block HTTP/HTTPS traffic...
What’s Log4j and Log4Shell vulnerability
Log4j is a widely-used Java-based library developed by Apache Software Foundation that’s designed to enable developers log various levels of information (trace, debug, info,...
How Tokenization Works
Tokenization is a data security technique where data is replaced by non-sensitive equivalents, called tokens. These tokens can be used in the system without...
Digital Certificate Management
Certificate Authority (CA)
This is a trusted organization or entity that issues digital certificates. These certificates are used to verify the identity of websites, individuals,...
System Failure Behaviours Explained
The terms “fail open”, “fail close”, "Fail Safe", "Failover" describe how systems behave when they encounter a failure or unexpected event. These concepts are...
Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)
This is the process of gathering, analysing, and utilizing information about potential or current threats to an organization’s digital assets focusing on understanding the...
PE Headers and Sections Explained
The Portable Executable (PE) format is a file format for executables, object code, DLLS, and others used in Windows operating systems. The structure of...
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Web Common File Vulnerabilities
Local File Inclusion (LFI)
Local Fie Inclusion (LFI) is a vulnerability that allows an attacker to include files that are already present on the server...
Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)
This is the process of gathering, analysing, and utilizing information about potential or current threats to an organization’s digital assets focusing on understanding the...
Kernel Explanation
The kernel is a fundamental part of any Operating System, acting as the bridge between software and hardware. It’s responsible for managing the system’s...